Systemic Diseases and the Eye (Diabetes, Hypertension, Autoimmune)

Ophthalmologists often encounter ocular symptoms that are manifestations of broader health problems. Systemic diseases and the eye (Diabetes, Hypertension, Autoimmune) examines how internal conditions affect ocular structures and function. Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most preventable causes of blindness, while hypertensive retinopathy can signal poorly controlled systemic vascular pressure. Autoimmune diseases—such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Sjögren’s syndrome—present with uveitis, optic neuritis, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, demanding interdisciplinary management. Recognition of these manifestations can prompt timely systemic intervention. Advances in imaging and laboratory diagnostics now allow earlier detection of these links. Tailored immunosuppressive therapy requires careful monitoring for ocular and systemic side effects. Integrating ocular findings into the larger clinical picture plays a vital role in achieving comprehensive patient outcomes.