Genetics, Biomarkers, and Personalized Eye Care

The era of individualized medicine has arrived in ophthalmology through genetics, biomarkers, and personalized eye care. By decoding patient-specific genetic profiles, clinicians can now identify inherited risk for eye diseases such as Leber congenital amaurosis, primary congenital glaucoma, or AMD. Biomarkers, whether molecular or imaging-based, provide additional layers of prognostic data and guide treatment selection. Personalized care means shifting from reactive to predictive strategies—intervening before irreversible damage occurs. The field is also advancing gene therapy and targeted biologics, which offer hope for previously untreatable conditions. Ethical considerations around genetic counseling and data privacy continue to evolve alongside scientific innovation. As new therapies emerge from clinical trials, precision medicine will reshape how patients are screened, monitored, and treated in everyday practice.