Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer that develops in the retina, affecting approximately 1 in 15,000 live births annually. It typically manifests as leukocoria (white pupil) or strabismus (crossed eyes) in affected children, usually under the age of five. The condition can be hereditary, linked to mutations in the RB1 gene, or sporadic.

Diagnosis involves a thorough eye examination and imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI to assess the extent of tumor involvement. Treatment options vary based on the tumor size and location and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, or surgery such as enucleation (removal of the affected eye). Early detection is critical for better outcomes, as late-stage retinoblastoma can metastasize beyond the eye, reducing treatment success rates. Long-term monitoring is essential due to the risk of recurrence and development of secondary cancers.